Complications of distraction osteogenesis for cosmetic stature lengthening: a systematic review
Various — systematic review across 1,847 cosmetic LL cases
Pooled complication rate of 32.4% across cosmetic LL series (2010–2024). Most common: pin-site infection (external fixator cohort), delayed union (5.1%), nerve compression (3.2%), implant failure/breakage (2.1%). Internal-nail methods showed lower complication rates than external fixators for cosmetic indication.
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